Does Any Animal Live in the Dead Sea

Does Any Animal Live in the Dead Sea

Salt lake bordering Jordan and Israel

Dead Ocean
A view of the body of water from the Israeli shore
Dead Sea
Location	Western Asia
Coordinates	31°30′N 35°30′E  /  31.500°N 35.500°E  / 31.500; 35.500 Coordinates: 31°30′N 35°xxx′Due east  /  31.500°Northward 35.500°E  / 31.500; 35.500
Lake type	Endorheic Hypersaline
Native name	ים המלח (Hebrew) البحر الميت (Arabic)
Primary inflows	Jordan River
Main outflows	None
Catchment expanse	41,650 km2 (xvi,080 sq mi)
Basin countries	State of israel, Jordan, and Palestine
Max. length	50 km (31 mi) [1] (northern bowl but)
Max. width	fifteen km (ix.iii mi)
Surface surface area	605 km2 (234 sq mi) (2016) [ii]
Average depth	199 m (653 ft) [3]
Max. depth	298 yard (978 ft) (pinnacle of deepest point, 728 k BSL [below sea level], minus current surface summit)
Water volume	114 km3 (27 cu mi) [3]
Shore length1	135 km (84 mi)
Surface elevation	−430.5 grand (−1,412 ft) (2016) [iv]
References	[3] [4]
1 Shore length is non a well-defined mensurate.

The Dead Sea (Hebrew: יָם הַמֶּלַח Yam ha-Melah lit. Sea of Salt; Arabic: البحر الميت Al-Bahr al-Mayyit , lit. the Dead Sea, ^[v] or Buhayrat, ^{[vi] [vii]} Bahret or Birket Lut, ^[6] lit. "Lake/Sea of Lot") is a salt lake bordered by Hashemite kingdom of jordan to the east and Israel and the West Depository financial institution to the west. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its primary tributary is the Jordan River.

The lake's surface is 430.five metres (1,412 ft) below sea level, ^{[4] [viii]} making its shores the lowest country-based peak on Earth. It is 304 m (997 ft) deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. With a salinity of 342 g/kg, or 34.2% (in 2011), it is one of the world's saltiest bodies of water ^[9] – 9.vi times as salty as the ocean – and has a density of 1.24 kg/litre, which makes swimming similar to floating. ^{[10] [11]} This salinity makes for a harsh environs in which plants and animals cannot flourish, hence its proper name. The Dead Bounding main's primary, northern bowl is l kilometres (31 mi) long and 15 kilometres (9 mi) wide at its widest point. ^[1]

The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean Basin for thousands of years. Information technology was one of the earth's first health resorts (for Herod the Great), and information technology has been the supplier of a wide variety of products, from asphalt for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilisers. Today, tourists visit the sea on its Israeli, Jordanian and West Bank coastlines. The Palestinian tourism industry has been met with setbacks in developing along the West Banking company coast.

The Dead Sea is receding at a swift rate; its surface expanse today is 605 km² (234 sq mi), having been 1,050 km² (410 sq mi) in 1930. The recession of the Dead Sea has begun causing issues,^{[ vague ]} and multiple culvert and pipeline proposals accept been fabricated to reduce its recession. One of these proposals is the Carmine Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance pipeline project, which would provide water to neighbouring countries and carry brine to the Dead Sea to assistance stabilise its water level. ^[12]

Etymology and toponymy

In Hebrew, the Dead Sea is Yām ha-Melaḥ ( help · info ) (ים המלח‎), meaning "sea of salt" (Genesis xiv:3). The Bible uses this term alongside two others: the Ocean of the Arabah ( Yām ha-'Ărāvâ ים הערבה‎), and the Eastern Sea ( ha-Yām ha-kadmoni הים הקדמוני‎). The designation "Dead Ocean" never appears in the Bible. In Hebrew literature, sometimes the term Yām ha-Māvet (ים המוות‎, "sea of death") is used, due to the scarcity of aquatic life at that place. ^[13]

In Arabic, the Dead Sea is called al-Bahr al-Mayyit ( help · info ) ^[5] ("the Expressionless Sea"), or less commonly baḥrᵘ lūṭᵃ ( بحر لوط , "the Body of water of Lot"). Another historic name in Arabic was the "Ocean of Zoʼar", after a nearby town in biblical times. The Greeks called it 'Lake Asphaltites (Attic Greek ἡ Θάλαττα ἀσφαλτῖτης , hē Thálatta asphaltĩtēs , "the Asphaltite ^[14] body of water").

Geography

The Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley, a geographic feature formed past the Dead Sea Transform (DST). This left lateral-moving transform fault lies forth the tectonic plate boundary betwixt the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. Information technology runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern terminate of the Crimson Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai. It is here that the Upper Jordan River/Sea of Galilee/Lower Jordan River water organisation comes to an end.

The Hashemite kingdom of jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea, although there are small perennial springs nether and effectually the Dead Sea, forming pools and quicksand pits forth the edges. ^[15] At that place are no outlet streams.

The Mujib River, biblical Arnon, is one of the larger h2o sources of the Expressionless Sea other than the Jordan. ^[sixteen] The Wadi Mujib valley, 420 g below the sea level in the southern function of the Hashemite kingdom of jordan valley, is a biosphere reserve, with an surface area of 212km² (82sq mi). ^[17] Other more than substantial sources are Wadi Darajeh (Arabic)/Nahal Dragot (Hebrew), and Nahal Arugot  [de] that ends at Ein Gedi. ^[16] Wadi Hasa (biblical Zered) is another wadi flowing into the Dead Bounding main.

Rainfall is scarcely 100 mm (4 in) per year in the northern office of the Dead Sea and barely 50 mm (two in) in the southern part. ^[18] The Dead Sea zone's aridity is due to the rainshadow consequence of the Judaean Mountains. The highlands east of the Expressionless Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself.

To the west of the Dead Body of water, the Judaean mountains ascension less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the eastward. Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m (700 ft) tall halite mineral formation called Mount Sodom.

Geology

The Jordanian shore of the Dead Body of water, showing salt deposits left behind by falling water levels.

Germination theories

At that place are two contending hypotheses nigh the origin of the low summit of the Expressionless Sea. The older hypothesis is that the Dead Bounding main lies in a true rift zone, an extension of the Cerise Bounding main Rift, or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Body of water basin is a consequence of a "step-over" aperture along the Dead Sea Transform, creating an extension of the chaff with consequent subsidence.^{[ citation needed ]}

Sedom Lagoon

During the belatedly Pliocene-early Pleistocene, ^[19] effectually 3.7 million years ago,^{[ citation needed ]} what is now the valley of the Jordan River, Dead Sea, and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea. ^[19] The waters formed in a narrow, crooked bay that is called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon, which was continued to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley.^{[ citation needed ]} The floods of the valley came and went depending on long-scale changes in the tectonic and climatic conditions. ^[xix]

The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around l km (xxx mi) southward of the electric current southern end of the Dead Bounding main, and the subsequent lakes never surpassed this area. The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies due to its college superlative and the high threshold of the Korazim cake separating it from the Bounding main of Galilee basin. ^[twenty]

Salt deposits

The Sedom Lagoon deposited evaporites mainly consisting of rock salt, which eventually reached a thickness of two.3 km (i.43 mi) on the old basin floor in the area of today's Mount Sedom. ^[21]

Lake formation

Approximately two million years agone,^{[ citation needed ]} the country between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Ocean rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area. Thus, the long lagoon became a landlocked lake. ^[20]

The commencement prehistoric lake to follow the Sedom Lagoon is named Lake Amora (which possibly appeared in the early Pleistocene; its sediments adult into the Amora (Samra) Germination, dated to over 200-80 kyr BP), followed past Lake Lisan (c. 70-14 kyr) and finally by the Dead Sea. ^[xix]

Lake salinity

The h2o levels and salinity of the successive lakes (Amora, Lisan, Dead Sea) accept either risen or fallen as an effect of the tectonic dropping of the valley bottom, and due to climate variation. As the climate became more than barren, Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier, leaving the Dead Sea as its final remainder. ^{[19] [twenty]}

From 70,000 to 12,000 years ago, Lake Lisan's level was 100 chiliad (330 ft) to 250 m (820 ft) higher than its current level. Its level fluctuated dramatically, rising to its highest level around 26,000 years ago, indicating a very wet climate in the Virtually Eastward. ^[22] Effectually x,000 years ago, the lake'southward level dropped dramatically, probably fifty-fifty lower than today. During the concluding several chiliad years, the lake has fluctuated approximately 400 m (1,300 ft), with some significant drops and rises. Current theories as to the cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activeness; therefore, information technology may have been a seismic outcome.

Salt mounts formation

In prehistoric times ^{[ dubious – hash out ]}, great amounts of sediment nerveless on the flooring of Lake Amora. The sediment was heavier than the table salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upward into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom (on the southwest side of the lake). Geologists explain the event in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed, forcing the mud to creep upwards the sides of the saucepan. When the floor of the Dead Body of water dropped further due to tectonic forces, the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place equally loftier cliffs (see salt dome).

Climate

The Expressionless Sea has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with year-round sunny skies and dry air. Information technology has less than 50 millimetres (2 in) mean almanac rainfall and a summer average temperature between 32 and 39 °C (90 and 102 °F). Winter average temperatures range between twenty and 23 °C (68 and 73 °F). The region has weaker ultraviolet radiations, particularly the UVB (erythrogenic rays). Given the higher atmospheric pressure, the air has a slightly higher oxygen content (3.iii% in summer to four.8% in winter) equally compared to oxygen concentration at ocean level. ^{[23] [24]} Barometric pressures at the Dead Sea were measured betwixt 1061 and 1065 hPa and clinically compared with health effects at college altitude. ^[25] (This barometric measure is about 5% college than ocean level standard atmospheric pressure of 1013.25 hPa, which is the global ocean mean or ATM.) The Expressionless Sea affects temperatures nearby because of the moderating effect a large body of water has on climate. During the winter, sea temperatures tend to exist college than land temperatures, and vice versa during the summertime months. This is the result of the water'south mass and specific heat capacity. On average, there are 192 days above thirty °C (86 °F) annually. ^[26]

Climate data for Expressionless Sea, Sedom (390 k below bounding main level)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	April	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	October	November	Dec	Twelvemonth
Record high °C (°F)	26.4 (79.5)	30.4 (86.7)	33.8 (92.8)	42.5 (108.5)	45.0 (113.0)	46.4 (115.5)	47.0 (116.6)	44.5 (112.1)	43.vi (110.5)	xl.0 (104.0)	35.0 (95.0)	28.5 (83.3)	47.0 (116.half-dozen)
Average high °C (°F)	twenty.5 (68.nine)	21.7 (71.i)	24.8 (76.6)	29.9 (85.viii)	34.1 (93.4)	37.6 (99.seven)	39.7 (103.5)	39.0 (102.2)	36.five (97.7)	32.iv (90.3)	26.9 (80.4)	21.7 (71.1)	thirty.iv (86.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	xvi.6 (61.9)	17.7 (63.9)	xx.8 (69.iv)	25.four (77.vii)	29.4 (84.nine)	32.6 (ninety.7)	34.vii (94.5)	34.5 (94.ane)	32.4 (90.iii)	28.six (83.5)	23.ane (73.6)	17.9 (64.2)	26.one (79.0)
Average low °C (°F)	12.vii (54.9)	13.7 (56.7)	16.7 (62.ane)	20.9 (69.vi)	24.7 (76.5)	27.6 (81.seven)	29.6 (85.3)	29.nine (85.8)	28.3 (82.9)	24.7 (76.5)	nineteen.iii (66.7)	14.i (57.4)	21.nine (71.four)
Record low °C (°F)	v.iv (41.vii)	6.0 (42.8)	viii.0 (46.4)	11.v (52.7)	19.0 (66.2)	23.0 (73.4)	26.0 (78.8)	26.viii (fourscore.two)	24.2 (75.6)	17.0 (62.6)	9.viii (49.6)	half dozen.0 (42.eight)	v.4 (41.7)
Boilerplate atmospheric precipitation mm (inches)	7.8 (0.31)	nine.0 (0.35)	7.6 (0.30)	4.3 (0.17)	0.2 (0.01)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	1.two (0.05)	iii.five (0.xiv)	viii.3 (0.33)	41.9 (1.65)
Average precipitation days	iii.3	three.5	two.5	1.3	0.ii	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.four	1.6	2.viii	fifteen.half-dozen
Average relative humidity (%)	41	38	33	27	24	23	24	27	31	33	36	41	32
Source: Israel Meteorological Service [27]

Chemistry

With 34.2% salinity (in 2011), information technology is one of the world's saltiest bodies of water, though Lake Vanda in Antarctica (35%), Lake Assal in Djibouti (34.viii%), Lagoon Garabogazköl in the Caspian Sea (upward to 35%) and some hypersaline ponds and lakes of the McMurdo Dry out Valleys in Antarctica (such every bit Don Juan Pond (44%)) have reported higher salinities.

In the 19th century and the early 20th century, the surface layers of the Dead Ocean were less salty than today, which resulted in an average density in the range of one.15-1.17 g/cmⁱⁱⁱ instead of the present value of around 1.25 g/cm^three. A sample tested by Bernays in the 19th century had a salinity of 19%. By the year 1926, the salinity had increased ^{[28] [29]} (although information technology was also suspected that the salinity varies seasonally and depends on the distance from the mouth of the Hashemite kingdom of jordan).

Until the winter of 1978–79, when a major mixing event took place, ^[30] the Dead Sea was composed of two stratified layers of h2o that differed in temperature, density, age, and salinity. The topmost 35 meters (115 ft) or so of the Dead Sea had an average salinity of virtually thirty%, and a temperature that swung between 19 °C (66 °F) and 37 °C (99 °F). Underneath a zone of transition, the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 22 °C (72 °F) temperature, salinity of over 34%, and complete saturation of sodium chloride (NaCl). ^[31] Since the water near the bottom is saturated with NaCl, that salt precipitates out of solution onto the sea floor.

Start in the 1960s, h2o inflow to the Dead Sea from the Jordan River was reduced equally a result of big-scale irrigation and generally low rainfall. By 1975, the upper h2o layer was saltier than the lower layer. However, the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dumbo. When the upper layer cooled so its density was greater than the lower layer, the waters mixed (1978–79). For the beginning fourth dimension in centuries, the lake was a homogeneous body of water. Since and so, stratification has begun to redevelop. ^[30]

Pebbles cemented with halite on the western shore of the Dead Sea near Ein Gedi

The mineral content of the Expressionless Sea is very different from that of ocean water. The exact limerick of the Dead Bounding main water varies mainly with season, depth and temperature. In the early 1980s, the concentration of ionic species (in g/kg) of Dead Sea surface water was Cl⁻ (181.four), Br⁻ (4.ii), And so_iv ²⁻ (0.4), HCO₃ ⁻ (0.ii), Ca²⁺ (fourteen.1), Na⁺ (32.5), One thousand⁺ (six.ii) and Mgⁱⁱ⁺ (35.2). The full salinity was 276 g/kg. ^[32] These results testify that the limerick of the salt, as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis, was calcium chloride (CaCl_two) xiv.4%, potassium chloride (KCl) 4.four%, magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) 50.8% and sodium chloride (NaCl) thirty.iv%. In comparison, the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 85% sodium chloride. The concentration of sulfate ions (SO₄ ²⁻) is very depression, and the concentration of bromide ions (Br⁻) is the highest of all waters on Globe.

Beach pebbles made of halite; western coast

The salt concentration of the Dead Sea fluctuates effectually 31.5%. This is unusually loftier and results in a nominal density of 1.24 kg/l. Anyone can hands float in the Expressionless Body of water because of natural buoyancy. In this respect the Expressionless Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States.

An unusual feature of the Expressionless Sea is its belch of cobblestone. From deep seeps, the Dead Sea constantly spits upwardly pocket-size pebbles and blocks of the blackness substance. ^[33] Cobblestone-coated figurines and bitumen-coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites have been constitute. Egyptian mummification processes used cobblestone imported from the Expressionless Sea region. ^{[34] [35]}

Putative therapies

The Dead Bounding main surface area has become a location for health research and potential treatment for several reasons. The mineral content of the water, the low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere, the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation, and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each may have specific health effects. For example, persons experiencing reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure level. ^[36]

The region's climate and low elevation have made it a popular centre for assessment of putative therapies:

• Climatotherapy: Treatment which exploits local climatic features such every bit temperature, humidity, sunshine, barometric force per unit area and special atmospheric constituents
• Heliotherapy: Treatment that exploits the biological furnishings of the dominicus's radiation
• Thalassotherapy: Treatment that exploits bathing in Dead Ocean water

Climatotherapy at the Dead Sea may exist a therapy for psoriasis ^[37] by sunbathing for long periods in the area due to its position below sea level and subsequent result that UV rays are partially blocked by the increased thickness of the atmosphere^{[ citation needed ]} over the Expressionless Sea. ^[38]

Rhinosinusitis patients receiving Dead Sea saline nasal irrigation exhibited improved symptom relief compared to standard hypertonic saline spray in one study. ^[39]

Dead Sea mud pack therapy has been suggested to temporarily salve hurting in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees. Co-ordinate to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, handling with mineral-rich mud compresses tin be used to augment conventional medical therapy. ^[xl]

Panorama of the Expressionless Ocean from the Mövenpick Resort, Jordan.

Beast and flora

Dead Sea in the morn, seen from Masada

The sea is called "dead" because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms, such as fish and aquatic plants, from living in it, though minuscule quantities of leaner and microbial fungi are present.

In times of flood, the salt content of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35% to 30% or lower. The Expressionless Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters. In 1980, after one such rainy winter, the ordinarily nighttime blueish Dead Body of water turned carmine. Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem found the Dead Sea to exist teeming with an alga called Dunaliella . Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid-containing (ruby-red-pigmented) halobacteria, whose presence caused the color change. Since 1980, the Expressionless Body of water basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have non returned in measurable numbers.

In 2011 a group of scientists from Exist'er Sheva, Israel and Germany discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Ocean past scuba diving and observing the surface. These fissures permit fresh and brackish h2o to enter the Expressionless Sea. They sampled biofilms surrounding the fissures and discovered numerous species of bacteria and archaea. ^[41]

Many animal species alive in the mountains surrounding the Dead Ocean. Hikers can see ibex, hares, hyraxes, jackals, foxes, and fifty-fifty leopards. Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone as well. Both Jordan and Israel have established nature reserves effectually the Dead Sea.

The delta of the Hashemite kingdom of jordan River was formerly a jungle of papyrus and palm copse. The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus described Jericho as "the virtually fertile spot in Judea". In Roman and Byzantine times, sugarcane,^{[ dubious – talk over ]} henna, and sycamore fig all fabricated the lower Hashemite kingdom of jordan valley wealthy. One of the most valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree, which could exist made into perfume. By the 19th century, Jericho'due south fertility had disappeared.^{[ dubious – discuss ]}

Homo settlement

There are several pocket-sized communities near the Dead Bounding main. These include Ein Gedi, Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council: Kalya, Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat. There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi, and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar. Highway 90 runs north–south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 565 km (351 mi) from Metula on the Lebanese border in the due north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border well-nigh the Ruddy Sea port of Eilat.

Potash City is a small-scale community on the Jordanian side of the Expressionless Ocean, and others including Suweima. Highway 65 runs northward–due south on the Jordanian side from near Jordan's northern tip down by the Expressionless Body of water to the port of Aqaba.

Human being history

Biblical period

Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in the Hebrew Bible as having taken identify before the Israelites came to Canaan, and extensively at the time of Male monarch David.

Just northwest of the Dead Ocean is Jericho. Somewhere, maybe on the southeastern shore, would exist the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham: Sodom and Gomorra (Genesis 18) and the three other "Cities of the Evidently", Admah, Zeboim and Zoar (Deuteronomy 29:23). Zoar escaped devastation when Abraham's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom (Genesis 19:21–22). Before the destruction, the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits, which was called the vale of Siddim. Male monarch David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby.

In Ezekiel 47:8–ix in that location is a specific prophecy that the sea will "be healed and made fresh", condign a normal lake capable of supporting marine life. A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah 14:8, which says that "living waters will go out from Jerusalem, half of them to the eastern body of water [likely the Dead Sea] and half to the western ocean [the Mediterranean]."

Greek and Roman period

Aristotle wrote about the remarkable waters. The Nabateans and others discovered the value of the globs of natural asphalt that constantly floated to the surface where they could be harvested with nets. The Egyptians were steady customers, as they used asphalt in the embalming procedure that created mummies. The Aboriginal Romans knew the Dead Sea as "Palus Asphaltites" ^[42] (Asphalt Lake).

A cargo boat on the Dead Sea as seen on the Madaba Map, from the 6th century Advertising

The Expressionless Body of water was an of import merchandise route with ships carrying table salt, asphalt and agricultural produce. Multiple anchorages existed on both sides of the sea, including in Ein Gedi, Khirbet Mazin (where the ruins of a Hasmonean-era dry dock are located), Numeira and near Masada. ^{[43] [44]}

King Herod the Great built or rebuilt several fortresses and palaces on the western bank of the Expressionless Sea. The about famous was Masada, where in 70 CE a modest grouping of Jewish zealots fled subsequently the fall of the destruction of the 2nd Temple. The zealots survived until 73 CE, when a siege by the X Legion ended in the deaths by suicide of its 960 inhabitants. Another historically important fortress was Machaerus (מכוור), on the eastern bank, where, according to Josephus, John the Baptist was imprisoned past Herod Antipas and died. ^[45]

Likewise in Roman times, some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea's western shore; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, "on the west side of the Expressionless Bounding main, away from the coast ... [above] the town of Engeda" (Natural History, Bk 5.73); and information technology is therefore a hugely popular simply contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that "the Dead Ocean Scrolls" discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.

Josephus identified the Expressionless Body of water in geographic proximity to the ancient Biblical metropolis of Sodom. Still, he referred to the lake by its Greek name, Asphaltites. ^[46]

Various sects of Jews settled in caves overlooking the Dead Sea. The best known of these are the Essenes of Qumran, who left an all-encompassing library known as the Dead Sea Scrolls. ^[47] The town of Ein Gedi, mentioned many times in the Mishna, produced persimmon for the temple'southward fragrance and for export, using a secret recipe. "Sodomite table salt" was an essential mineral for the temple's holy incense, but was said to be unsafe for home use and could cause incomprehension. ^[48] The Roman camps surrounding Masada were built by Jewish slaves receiving water from the towns effectually the lake. These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity. ^[49]

Byzantine period

Intimately continued with the Judean wilderness to its northwest and w, the Dead Sea was a place of escape and refuge. The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodox monks since the Byzantine era. Their monasteries, such as Saint George in Wadi Kelt and Mar Saba in the Judaean Desert, are places of pilgrimage.

Modern times

The southern bowl of the Expressionless Sea as of 1817–eighteen, with the Lisan Peninsula and its ford (now named Lynch Strait). North is to the right.

In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored past boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835, Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847, William Francis Lynch in 1848, and John MacGregor in 1869. ^[50] The total text of W. F. Lynch's 1949 book Narrative of the Us' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Expressionless Body of water is available online. Charles Leonard Irby and James Mangles travelled along the shores of the Dead Ocean already in 1817–18, simply didn't navigate on its waters. ^[51]

World's lowest (dry) indicate, Jordan, 1971

Explorers and scientists arrived in the surface area to analyze the minerals and research the unique climate.

Subsequently the find of the "Moabite Stone" in 1868 on the plateau east of the Expressionless Sea, Moses Wilhelm Shapira and his partner Salim al-Khouri forged and sold a whole range of presumed "Moabite" antiquities, and in 1883 Shapira presented what is now known as the "Shapira Strips", a supposedly ancient whorl written on leather strips which he claimed had been found near the Dead Bounding main. The strips were declared to exist forgeries and Shapira took his ain life in disgrace.

In the belatedly 1940s and early 1950s, hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the aboriginal settlement of Qumran, about ane mile (one.6 kilometres) inland from the northwestern shore of the Expressionless Bounding main (presently in the Due west Banking concern). They became known and famous every bit the Dead Body of water Scrolls.

The world's everyman roads, Highway 90, run along the Israeli and W Bank shores of the Dead Ocean, along with Highway 65 on the Jordanian side, at 393 m (i,289 ft) beneath body of water level.

Tourism and leisure

British Mandate menses

A golf game course named for Sodom and Gomorrah was built past the British at Kalia on the northern shore.

State of israel

The get-go major Israeli hotels were built in nearby Arad, and since the 1960s at the Ein Bokek resort complex.

Israel has xv hotels along the Expressionless Sea shore, generating total revenues of $291 one thousand thousand in 2012. Most Israeli hotels and resorts on the Dead Ocean are on a six-kilometre (3.seven-mile) stretch of the southern shore. ^[52]

Jordan

Kempinski Hotel, 1 of the many hotels on the Jordanian shore

On the Jordanian side, nine international franchises take opened seaside resort hotels almost the Male monarch Hussein Bin Talal Convention Center, along with resort apartments, on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The 9 hotels have boosted the Jordanian side's capacity to 2,800 rooms. ^[53]

On November 22, 2015, the Expressionless Sea panorama route was included forth with 40 archaeological locations in Jordan, to go live on Google Street View. ^[54]

Westward Bank

The portion of Dead Body of water coast which Palestinians could perchance eventually manage is almost 40 kilometres (25 miles) long. The World Banking company estimates that such Expressionless Bounding main tourism manufacture could generate $290 1000000 of revenues per year and 2,900 jobs. ^[52] However, Palestinians have been unable to obtain construction permits for tourism-related investments on the Expressionless Ocean. ^[52] Co-ordinate to the Earth Bank, officials in the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities country that the but way to apply for such permits is through the Joint Committees established under the Oslo Understanding, but the relevant committee has not met with any caste of regularity since 2000. ^[52]

Chemical industry

View of salt evaporation pans on the Dead Bounding main, taken in 1989 from the Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-28). The southern half is separated from the northern half at what used to be the Lisan Peninsula because of the autumn in level of the Dead Sea.

View of the mineral evaporation ponds almost 12 years later on (STS-102). A northern and small-scale southeastern extension were added and the large polygonal ponds subdivided.

The dwindling h2o level of the Dead Sea

British Mandate period

In the early part of the 20th century, the Dead Sea began to concenter involvement from chemists who deduced the body of water was a natural deposit of potash (potassium chloride) and bromine. A concession was granted past the British Mandatory authorities to the newly formed Palestine Potash Visitor in 1929. Its founder, Siberian Jewish engineer and pioneer of Lake Baikal exploitation, Moses Novomeysky, had worked for the lease for over ten years having outset visited the surface area in 1911. ^[55] The kickoff found, on the due north shore of the Dead Sea at Kalya, commenced production in 1931 ^[55] and produced potash by solar evaporation of the alkali. Employing Arabs and Jews, information technology was an isle of peace in turbulent times. ^[56] The company quickly grew into the largest industrial site in the Centre East,^{[ citation needed ]} and in 1934 built a second found on the southwest shore, in the Mount Sodom surface area, south of the 'Lashon' region of the Dead Sea. Palestine Potash Company supplied one-half of Great britain's potash during World War 2. Both plants were destroyed past the Jordanians in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. ^[57]

State of israel

The Dead Ocean Works was founded in 1952 as a state-owned enterprise based on the remnants of the Palestine Potash Company. ^[58] In 1995, the company was privatized and information technology is now endemic by Israel Chemicals. From the Dead Ocean brine, Israel produces (2001) i.77 million tons potash, 206,000 tons elemental bromine, 44,900 tons caustic soda, 25,000 tons magnesium metal, and sodium chloride. Israeli companies generate effectually Usa$3 billion annually from the auction of Dead Sea minerals (primarily potash and bromine), and from other products that are derived from Dead Sea Minerals. ^[52]

Jordan

On the Jordanian side of the Dead Body of water, Arab Potash (APC), formed in 1956, produces 2.0 meg tons of potash annually, besides as sodium chloride and bromine. The constitute is located at Safi, South Aghwar Section, in the Karak Governorate.

Jordanian Dead Sea mineral industries generate about $one.two billion in sales (equivalent to 4 percent of Hashemite kingdom of jordan's Gross domestic product).

Westward Bank

The Palestinian Dead Ocean Coast is about 40 kilometres (25 miles) long. The Palestinian economy is unable to benefit from Dead Sea chemicals due to restricted access, let bug and the uncertainties of the investment climate. ^[52] The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea chemicals industry could generate $918M incremental value added per year, "well-nigh equivalent to the contribution of the unabridged manufacturing sector of Palestinian territories today". ^[52]

Both companies, Dead Body of water Works Ltd. and Arab Potash, use extensive salt evaporation pans that have essentially diked the entire southern terminate of the Dead Sea for the purpose of producing carnallite, potassium magnesium chloride, which is then processed further to produce potassium chloride. The ponds are separated past a fundamental dike that runs roughly north–south along the international border. The power institute on the Israeli side allows production of magnesium metallic (by a subsidiary, Expressionless Sea Magnesium Ltd.).

Due to the popularity of the sea'due south therapeutic and healing properties, several companies accept also shown interest in the manufacturing and supplying of Dead Sea salts as raw materials for body and skin intendance products.

Recession and environmental concerns

Gully in unconsolidated Dead Sea sediments exposed by recession of h2o levels. It was excavated by floods from the Judean Mountains in less than a yr.

Receding shoreline

Since 1930, when its surface was 1,050 km² (410 sq mi) and its level was 390 m (1,280 ft) below sea level, the Dead Sea has been monitored continuously. The Dead Bounding main has been rapidly shrinking since the 1960s because of diversion of incoming h2o from the Hashemite kingdom of jordan River to the north ^[59] as role of the National H2o Carrier scheme, ^[60] completed in 1964. ^[61] The southern end is fed by a culvert maintained by the Dead Bounding main Works, a company that converts the sea's raw materials. From a water surface of 395 m (1,296 ft) beneath ocean level in 1970 ^[59] it roughshod 22 m (72 ft) to 418 m (i,371 ft) below sea level in 2006, reaching a drop rate of ane one thousand (iii ft) per twelvemonth. As the water level decreases, the characteristics^{[ vague ]} of the Sea and surrounding region may substantially modify.

The Dead Sea level drop has been followed by a groundwater level drop, causing brines that used to occupy underground layers nearly the shoreline to be flushed out by freshwater. This is believed to be the crusade of the recent advent of large sinkholes along the western shore—incoming freshwater dissolves common salt layers, rapidly creating subsurface cavities that afterwards collapse to grade these sinkholes. ^[62] As of 2022 ^[update] Ein Gedi, on the western coast, has been discipline to a big number of sinkholes actualization in the expanse, attributed to the decline in the water level of the Expressionless Bounding main. ^[60]

As of 2022 ^[update] , the surface of the Bounding main has shrunk past virtually 33 per cent since the 1960s, which is partly attributed to the much-reduced catamenia of the Jordan River since the structure of the National H2o Carrier project, and the corporeality of h2o from the rains reaching the Dead Body of water has macerated even further since flash floods started pouring into the sinkholes. The EcoPeace Eye Eastward, a joint Israeli-Palestinian-Jordanian ecology group, has estimated that the almanac flow into the Dead Bounding main from the Hashemite kingdom of jordan is equally of 2022 ^[update] less than 100,000,000 cubic metres (3.5×10^nine cu ft) of water, compared with former flows of between one,200,000,000 cubic metres (4.2×10¹⁰ cu ft) and 1,300,000,000 cubic metres (4.six×x¹⁰ cu ft). ^[60]

Year	Water level (1000)	Surface (km2)
1930	−390	1050
1980	−400	680
1992	−407	675
1997	−411	670
2004	−417	662
2010	−423	655
2016	−430.five	605

Sources: Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, ^[iv] Haaretz , ^[two] Jordan Valley Authority. ^[63]

Views in 1972, 1989, and 2011 compared ^[64]

Link to the Red Sea

In May 2009 at the World Economic Forum, Hashemite kingdom of jordan announced its plans to construct the "Hashemite kingdom of jordan National Red Body of water Development Projection" (JRSP). This is a plan to convey seawater from the Red Sea virtually Aqaba to the Dead Sea. Water would be desalinated along the route to provide fresh h2o to Jordan, with the alkali discharge sent to the Dead Ocean for replenishment. Israel has expressed its support and will likely do good from some of the h2o commitment to its Negev region. ^{[65] [66]}

At a regional briefing in July 2009, officials expressed concern about the declining h2o levels. Some suggested industrial activities around the Dead Sea might need to be reduced. Others advised environmental measures to restore weather such as increasing the volume of period from the Jordan River to replenish the Dead Body of water. Currently, only sewage and effluent from fish ponds run in the river'south aqueduct. Experts as well stressed the need for strict conservation efforts. They said agriculture should not exist expanded, sustainable support capabilities should be incorporated into the area and pollution sources should exist reduced. ^[67]

In October 2009, the Jordanians announced accelerated plans to extract around 300 one thousand thousand cubic metres (11 billion cubic feet) of water per twelvemonth from the Cherry Sea, desalinate it for employ as fresh h2o and ship the waste water to the Dead Body of water by tunnel, despite concerns about inadequate time to appraise the potential ecology touch. Co-ordinate to Jordan's minister for water, Full general Maysoun Zu'bi, this project could be considered as the showtime phase of the Cerise Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance. ^[68]

In December 2013, Israel, Hashemite kingdom of jordan and the Palestinian Authority signed an agreement for laying a water pipeline to link the Carmine Sea with the Dead Sea. The pipeline would be 180 km (110 mi) long and is estimated to take up to v years to complete. ^[69] In January 2015 it was reported that the level of water was dropping by one m (3 ft) a year. ^[70]

On 27 November 2016, it was announced that the Jordanian authorities was shortlisting five consortia to implement the project. Jordan's ministry of Water and Irrigation said that the $100 million first phase of the project would begin construction in the showtime quarter of 2022, and would be completed by 2022. ^[12]

See also

• Aral Body of water
• List of drying lakes
• List of places on land with elevations beneath ocean level
• Mediterranean–Dead Sea Culvert
• World Discoveries III: Dead Sea
• Benjamin Elazari Volcani
• PEF rock with the Dead Sea level reference line used betwixt 1900 and 1913

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Further reading

• The World Bank, 2013, "The Red Sea - Expressionless Body of water H2o Conveyance Study Program", and source of basic information on the Expressionless Body of water.
• Yehouda Enzel, et al., eds (2006) New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research, Geological Society of America, ISBN0-8137-2401-5
• Niemi, Tina M., Ben-Avraham, Z., and Gat, J., eds., 1997, The Dead Sea: The Lake and Its Setting: N.Y., Oxford University Press, 286 p.
• Globe Depository financial institution, Poverty Reduction and Economical Direction Department, Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy, October 2, 2013

External links

Does Any Animal Live in the Dead Sea

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea